The shoulder complex is one of the most elaborated joints of our body, as it is formed by several bones (clavicle, scapula, humerus and sternum) that constitute different joints (sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral, scapulothoracic). The shoulder is the most mobile joint of our body, and its stability is maintained by passive (e.g.: capsule, ligaments, labrum, etc.) and active-dynamic (muscles) stabilisers. The rotator cuff is a complex of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) that has the paramount function of stabilising the joint during shoulder movements, maintaining the head of the humerus centred, and allowing rotations of the shoulder. Rotator cuff injuries refer to a spectrum of conditions that can affect the shoulder complex, including rotator cuff tears, tendinopathies and impingement syndrome. Rotator cuff injuries are typically progressive-overuse injuries, typically reported by patients with specific anatomical configuration of the shoulder, suboptimal shoulder biomechanics, poor posture, and extensive exposure to overhead activities. In some cases, rotator cuff injuries can be a consequence of a traumatic impact such as a fall or a collision. Patients affected by this condition typically report pain localised to the affected area that can radiate to other structures, painful range of motion (often sensitive shoulder elevation, abduction and rotations), muscle loss, clicking, and decreased shoulder functioning.
