Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
The anterior cruciate ligament is a made up of two bands of fibres lying centrally within the knee joint passing from the front (anterior) to the back (posterior) of the knee.
Medial / lateral collateral ligament (MCL / LCL)
Medial collateral ligament injuries (MCL) are the commonest ligament injuries around the knee. They are sustained in almost all types of sports and affect people of any age.
Tibial plateau fracture
These injuries are also commonly seen in sports, especially skiing.
Knee osteoarthritis
Knee arthritis is a quite common disease and from the pathological point of view is not just the degeneration of cartilage but of all the joint and periarticular environment.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) lesion
These pass forwards from the back (posterior) to the front (anterior) of the knee.
Meniscal lesion
Meniscal lesions cover a wide range of knee injuries, and can cause different types of knee pain based on how they came about.
Dislocated patella
Dislocated patella is a very common knee injury, either linked to a sporting injury, or as part of a congenital pre-disposition.
Patella fracture
Following this kind of knee injury, pain, swelling and limitations to movement in the knee are immediately apparent.
Rupture of the patella tendon and quadriceps
This is an extremely severe sports injury, typically affecting younger athletes and those with degenerative tendinitis.
Patellofemoral syndrome
This condition typically results in pain being felt in the back of the knee and can lead to patellar dislocation in serious cases.
Sprained knee
Sprains to the knee account for a large proportion of knee injuries, especially prevalent in players of football, basketball, skiing and volleyball, as well as those injured in traffic accidents, where twisted knees are common.
CARTILAGE LESIONS
The occurrence of cartilaginous problems is common due to wear caused by the repetition of certain movements, or following a trauma to the area. The erosion of the cartilage, however severe, is called chondropathy and causes an altered sliding of the heads of the bones. This results in pain, swelling and difficulty of movement..
Patellar tendinopathy or 'Jumper's Knee'
Patellar tendinopathy is a very common injury in those who play sports using frequent explosive movements, like basketball and athletics, typically caused by overloading, or continued microtraumas.
Ileo-tibial syndrome
This refers to a chronic inflammation that affects the ilio-tibial section of the fascia lata originating from persistent mechanical friction.
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Most commonly seen in adolescent males who have grown rapidly, this condition causes abnormal overloading on cartilage, causing repeated microtraumas.
