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SLAP LESION
This type of injury has a multifactorial aetiology including both traumatic and atraumatic/overuse injuries. SLAP lesions are especially common in overhead sports in which explosive forceful upper-limb actions are performed (e.g.: baseball, volleyball, etc.).
Biceps Tendon Ruptures
The Biceps Brachii, commonly known as biceps, is a muscle located in the anterior aspect of the arm. It is composed of two heads, the short which originates from the coracoid process, and the long head, which arises from the tubercle of the scapula. It is composed of two heads, the short which originates from the coracoid process (part of the scapula, located in the anterior aspect of your shoulder), and the long head, which arises from the tubercle of the scapula (bone prominence located above the shoulder joint).
Shoulder dislocation
Due to its great degrees of freedom, the shoulder is the most commonly dislocated joint in both the athletic and general population. Depending on the degree of bone separation, dislocation (full separation of joint with the bones out of place) or subluxation (partial separation of the joint with the bones still in contact) are possible.
Thoracic outlet syndrome
The thoracic outlet is a narrow space between the first rib, the scalene muscles (neck muscles), and the collar bone. Thoracic outlet syndrome is a medical umbrella term that refers to a series of conditions that compress the neuro-vascular structures passing through the thoracic outlet.
Rotator cuff injury
The rotator cuff is a complex of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) that has the paramount function of stabilising the joint during shoulder movements, maintaining the head of the humerus centred, and allowing rotations of the shoulder.
Clavicle Dislocation
The clavicle, also known as the collar bone, is an S-shape bone that together with other structures constitutes the shoulder joint. Anatomically, this bone forms the front of the shoulder, connecting to the sternum (sternoclavicular joint) and the shoulder blade (acromioclavicular joint).
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Shoulder impingement syndrome is a condition in which pain is caused by a “conflict” between the humerus and the acromion in which different structures present in the subacromial space (supraspinatus tendon and subacromial bursa) are compressed.
Humerus Fracture
The humerus is the bone that constitutes the arm, connecting the shoulder to the forearm. This long bone is anatomically divided into three parts, the shaft (central body) and the two epiphyses (proximal and distal ends). Due to the humerus bone’s high resilience, these injuries are typically due to high-energy traumatic events in young and healthy populations, such as motor vehicle accidents.
Adhesive Capsulitis or Frozen Shoulder
Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is an inflammatory condition of the joint capsule and surrounding tissues that is characterised by pain, stiffness and severe range of motion (mobility) restriction. Frozen shoulder can be developed gradually without apparent causes, with slow symptoms’ presentation, or due to a trauma to the shoulder, such as a fall or a collision.
Clavicle Fracture
The majority part of clavicle injuries occur due to a fall onto the shoulder (laterally or with an outstretched arm), while the others in traffic accidents through a high-energy impact mechanism. Fractures affecting these bones can lead to significantly different symptomatology depending on the injured district, mechanism, and severity of the fracture.
Shoulder instability
Due to its great degrees of freedom, the shoulder is among the most common joints afflicted by “instability”. Shoulder instability can be defined as the loss of functioning and comfort of the shoulder joint due to an excessive translation of the humeral head in the joint socket.